Developing Competent Reader In Classroom

Developing Competent Reader In Classroom The definitions of read and reading from the Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English are: Read means to look at the written words and understand what they are mean. Reading means the activity of understanding the written words. There is a vast literature on the definition of reading. According to Spache and Spache (1969) there were a variety of definitions of reading due to the complexity and successive stages of reading development. Reading can also be described in a variety of headings such as reading for skill development, as a visual act, as a perceptual act as a reflection of cultural background and a thinking process. On the other hand, Williams (1984) defined reading as a process in which a reader looks at a text and understands what has been written. He further stated that reading does not mean a person needs to understand everything he reads because people read for different reasons and purposes. Reading by itself seems easy and simple but many studies have been carried out to show with scientific evidence that the act of reading is actually a very complicated process. According to Ponnusamy (1997), the first important description of reading and its process can be traced back as early as 1917 by Thorndike, a psychologist who coined reading as reasoning. The process of reading can best be described in an analogy written by Thorndike (1917) as cited in Ponnusamy (1997: 21) in which he described the reading process as: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦understanding a paragraph is like solving mathematics. It consists of selecting the right element of situation and putting them together in the right relations, and also within the right amount of weight or influence or force for each. The mind is assailed as it was bothered by every word in the paragraph. It must select, repress, soften, emphasize, correlate organize all under the influence of the right mental shape or purpose or demand. Thus, it appears that reading an explanatory or argumentative paragraph involves the same sort of organization and analytic action of ideas as those that occur in thinking supposedly higher sorts. ii) Definition of Competent Reader: In response to this question is how the term competent can technically have slightly different meanings for different individuals and families. The basic definition is that not only reading on a regular basis, but picking up at least some of the underlying message of what youre reading. If youre reading more for pleasure than work or school, then the key for competency is that youre enjoying the story and feeling like youre truly diving into the universe of the story when reading it. But as I just said, this term is one of those that is a fluid scale of meanings, so this is all just one point of view. In the English progression maps, the competent reader is briefly characterized as being able to read between the lines, seeing meaning that isnt stated directly and to deploy a wide range of active strategies to find and read texts for different purposes. Pupils who are becoming competent readers have secured sufficient reading strategies, such as phonics, contextual cues, word attack skills and sense of grammar, to tackle new and unfamiliar texts, with confidence, on their own. While they may still read hesitantly on occasions, they possess sufficient self-help strategies to hear their errors and self correct when necessary. They not only scan ahead to tackle longer, complex sentences; they are beginning to look beyond the sentence to paragraphs, chapters and whole text layout. Pupils at this stage read for meaning and are willing participants in the imaginative world of the text, visualizing, empathizing, and making judgements about what they read. 1. The Importance of Developing Competent Reader in Classroom Reading is a habit to be developed by oneself and it cannot be taught by teachers. Reading is an interactive process between the readers and the text. Knowledge means a deep understanding of topics and the language that the reader has acquired. The more the student reads the more are the chances of becoming a good reader. Teachers should implement various strategies in schools to bring individuals with good reading skills, for which he proposed extensive reading of easy and interesting books that would create interest in students to read and simultaneously improve vocabulary. In countries such as Malaysia, the challenges for any student writers of English are indeed great. In addition to having to learn to write (and write to learn) to meet the conventions and requirements of writing in the target language, they are expected to demonstrate a high level of linguistic competence to convey the intended message in their writing. In other words, to become competent writers, not only do they need to have a clear idea of the macro or top-down features that make the text cohere with other texts of the same discourse genre, they also need to be able to draw upon the relevant linguistic resources at the micro or bottom-up level to make the particular piece of writing cohesive (Celce-Murcia Olshtain, 2000). Within the literacy community, there are two distinct but complementary perspectives on reading development. The first perspective, prevalent in several well publicized documents and federal legislation (e.g., Snow, Burns, Griffin, 1998), deals almost exclusively with the early period of reading development, what might be described as emergent literacy. This early period is unquestionably a critical time in reading development, and there are virtually libraries devoted to basic dimensions of reading acquisition, including phonological awareness, vocabulary, and fluency (Adams, 1990) Yet, there is another view of reading development that extends well beyond the initial period of basic skill and process acquisition. This perspective looks at reading as a long-term developmental process, at the end of which the proficient adult reader can read a variety of materials with ease and interest, can read for varying purposes, and can read with comprehension even when the material is neither easy to understand nor intrinsically interesting. This particular orientation does not discount the emergent literacy view, but subsumes it as a first step in lifespan development. It is this second perspective of reading development-one less addressed in public and political rhetoric, legislation, and educational policies-that we examine here. Specifically, it is the goal to investigate how reading develops across the lifespan by building on the vast literatures in developmental psychology, cognitive psychology, expertise, motivation, and domain-specific learning, as well as reading research. There are important educational benefits accrued by viewing reading within such a lifespan developmental framework. For one, it helps us to consider the changes and challenges students and adults face once they journey beyond the early elementary grades. Currently, there is an increased awareness that more must be done to understand the nature of adolescent literacy (Alvermann et al., 1996; Moje, 2000) and adult literacy (Kruidenier, 2002; Nist Holschuh, 2000). The more we understand about adolescents and adults continued development as readers, the better we can provide for them. The approaches and interventions suitable for young readers taking their first steps toward reading competence are not likely to work for older children, adolescents, or adults, even if they still struggle to make sense of print (Alvermann, 2001). Not only have these adolescents and adults changed cognitively, physically, and socially, but the in-classroom or at-work literacy demands they face have changed as well (Nist Simpson, 2000). A lifespan developmental perspective would not stop in the early years or attend only to those who have yet to acquire the most basic skills or processes. Rather, it would consider reading from womb to tomb; that is, for all populations and for all phases of reading growth. If teachers understood the nature of changes that should occur in readers as they progress toward competence, and if teachers had some idea of the problems that might arise during that journey, then they could better formulate interventions or craft educational materials that might circumvent problems or ameliorate their effects (Pressley, 2001). For example, students motivations for reading are critical forces in sustaining their continued growth and development in the domain of reading (Guthrie Wigfield, 2000). Thus, educational programs intent on supporting students long-term reading development should give ample consideration to such motivational variables, including students interests and goals. 2. The Competent Reading Framework This reading framework is designed to emphasize on the active and interactive nature of reading. The aim of the COMPETENT reading framework is to develop COMPETENT, independent readers. The content and utility of two models of reading comprehension tests, the basic skills assessment model and the multiple choice cloze (MCC) model, are discussed. The basic reading competency model assesses the ability to read or infer basic meanings from a range of written or symbolic communication, as is necessary for daily living in this society. This limited analysis of the basic competency model suggests some degree of positive practical impact of the test; applications of this model are illustrated. Criticisms of this model state that such a test is not theoretically based, nor objectively reproducible, nor does it yield scores that provide detailed diagnostic guidance in the instructional process. The multiple choice cloze (MCC) technique was developed as one expression of the literal comprehension construct, viewed as the basic skill underlying the readers ability to infer explicit meanings from written language. Items in the test are objectively developed and derived from a theoretical framework, thus providing guidelines for interpreting the resulting test scores. Current developments suggest that these test results can be used to identify the kinds of materials that readers can comprehend at the literal level for specific purposes. The test also appears to offer a diagnostic capability with fairly clear-cut instructional implications 3. The Benefits of Competent Reading Framework. There are several key aspects of the Competent Reading Framework made it so effective in helping students to improve their own selves. Such as: Comprehensive Schools come to establish two to three hours of daily literacy instruction across all content areas Schools utilize a framework for addressing four important learning components: comprehension, fluency, word knowledge, and writing Professional development includes instruction, lesson planning, and evaluation and assessment of students Capacity Building Teachers become better prepared to plan and implement instruction that addresses students strengths and needs Teachers learn to choose research-based strategies that lead to increased student achievement Professional development extends to the administration to assure support of teachers efforts to improve literacy instruction Flexible The Framework is not a scripted program or commercial product, so it can be shaped to local contexts to better meet the needs of students School personnel can match their own styles, curricula, and materials to Framework guidelines All activities and staff development are designed collaboratively with each school Effective Adoption of the Framework has helped many schools accomplish remarkable gains in school reading achievement (Preliminary Analysis of an Innovative Framework for School Reading, National Science Foundation, 2001) This project was adopted system-wide in 2001 by the Chicago Board of Education and is now implemented in 600 Chicago schools, with 26,000 teachers, serving 437,000 students annually The Framework principles are consistent with recent finding of the National Reading Panel, and has been so effective that it is now used by hundreds of schools across the nation Services for Helping Schools The Chicago Reading Framework Project offers schools a wide range of possibilities to choose from when deciding on services. Schools can customize their professional development services by selecting from the following options: Ongoing Support School-wide support to implement the Reading Framework, focusing instruction on comprehension, fluency, word knowledge, and writing Consultations to assist teachers in developing more opportunities for reading and writing within language arts/reading and across the content areas Support for teachers in differentiating their instruction to meet the needs of heterogeneous classrooms Follow-up coaching to teachers that includes classroom observations, support within the classroom, in-class modeling of instructional strategies that support Framework guidelines, oral and/or written feedback, and co-planning to meet the needs of students Analysis of available student data to identify focused, measurable objectives, as well as appropriate instructional strategies to meet those objectives Participation in grade level meetings to present additional, grade-appropriate strategies and information Workshops Professional development that addresses the following key reading elements: phonemic awareness, phonics, fluency, vocabulary development, comprehension, and writing Workshops on a variety of topics such as assessment and evaluation, motivation, standards-based curricula, content area literacy, classroom management, among others Full day or half day workshops, developed in conjunction with reading specialists to address school needs, are available for the whole faculty Combine sound theory and practical classroom application to help teachers understand why and how to effectively utilize suggested ideas and strategies Include modeling, guided practice, and comprehensive materials to help teachers fully grasp what they learned during workshops and apply it in their own classrooms Leadership Consulting with administrators, reading specialists, and teachers to analyze school wide literacy efforts and determine long- and short-term goals Advising the principal and administrative team to assure consistent implementation of the Reading Framework across grade levels Assisting school leadership with monitoring and support of teachers efforts Encouraging teachers to support one another and take more of a leadership role themselves Collaborating with Reading Specialist and administrative team regarding techniques to address literacy improvement across the school Assessment and Evaluation Evaluation of all aspects of reading instruction and make recommendations for change when necessary Analysis of standardized test and other assessment data to guide plans for school improvement Periodic surveys and checklists for teachers and administrators to both assess the progress made toward goals and to determine future techniques to meet school and classroom objectives Training to assist teachers in interpreting multiple assessments to better address the instructional needs of students Regular classroom visits to collaborate with teachers to analyze their use of instructional time and strategies for reading instruction across the curriculum. 4. The Challenges and Potential Problems in Developing Competent Reader Reading is a very important skill as it is recognized as a necessary part of obtaining a better job and access to literature and knowledge. However, reading in a foreign language such as English might be a problem for some people. Snow, Burns and Griffin (2006) claim that there are three potential stumbling blocks in reading namely the difficulty in understanding and using the alphabetic principle, the failure to transfer the comprehension skills of spoken language to reading and the lack of motivation and appreciation for reading. They further add that children who face early reading problem lack prior knowledge and relevant skills such as the ability to produce words, the ability to distinguish sounds, the ability to master the mechanics of reading and the ability to identify letters. This difficulty leads to low motivation and can be problematic for language teachers as the motivation of needing to read is powerful (Nuttal, C, 1996 : 3). Nevertheless in order to help children to read it is important to get them to read extensively. Nuttal further adds that the latter is the easiest and most effective way of improving the reading skills. During reading, students may have difficulty decoding, and so have difficulty reading the words of their texts accurately. In addition, these students read too slowly, or lack fluency. As a result of their slow, la ­bored reading, they often do not comprehend much of what they read, and the attention they have to give to figuring out the words keeps them from understanding the text. All too often these students lack sufficient background knowledge about the topic of a text. They may have trouble connecting the ideas of a text. They often are not familiar with the vocabulary they encounter, and have trouble determining word meanings. Further, even when the students pos ­sess relevant background knowledge, they frequently are not able to acti ­vate it to help them understand what they read. Some readers also are unaware of text organization. They do not know enough about the organizational structure of narratives or the vari ­ous organizational structures of expository texts to help them read and un ­derstand. After reading, these students typically do not think about or reflect upon what they have read. They almost never seek out additional information about a topic. The cumulative effect of these difficulties is that they often lose confidence in their ability to read. Because reading is difficult for them and they cannot and do not read widely. As a result, they are exposed too much less text and so receive much less practice reading. Further, the practice they do receive is often frustrating, because many of the texts they are asked to read are too difficult for them. 5. The Ways to Instil More Interest in Reading among the Learners Theorists, psycholinguists and linguists have given many opinions pertaining to reading and the process of reading. Many agree that reading is a complex area (Ehri, 2001; Snow, Burns and Griffin, 2006). In the process of reading, the reader constructs meaning from written texts. In reading, readers go through certain processes. These processes are explained through the three reading models namely bottom-up, top-down and interactive models of reading. The bottom-up model emphasizes on print, wherein the readers decode the print in the form of letters and words into text, into phonological representations before constructing meaning (Nooreiny Maarof, 1998). The top-down model suggests that the readers guess the meaning in the text by making predictions about the print and construction of meaning with the guidance of prior knowledge (Ibid, 1998). The interactive model, on the other hand, combines both the reading models mentioned earlier. According to this model, our reading is said to occur at various levels through the interaction of physical texts on the page and our mental concepts. This model of reading reflects the underlying theory that supports it, namely the schema theory. Schema Theory is actually our background knowledge at work in the process of language comprehension (Hadley, 2000). ESL teachers can create a reading habit among learners by selecting books which are enjoyable to read. The criteria for selecting texts must be readability (ie . suiting the linguistic level of the reader) and suitability of content (ie . suiting the intellectual needs of the reader) . When books are appealing in colour and illustrations with little intimidation in language and content, there will be sufficient motivation to met any novice readers appetite to read. Besides this the teacher could also have a set of class library books which students can borrow. Some learners, once provided with reading materials will read quite happily with no further encouragement from the teacher, others will require further incentives . One way the ESL teacher can help is by setting tasks after reading a book. This provides a useful feedback to the teacher as to who is reading the most books and which books are most popular. Tasks include providing a guided book review format that the reader has to fill upon completion of a book and a class reading chart listing all the titles of books read on the horizontal axis of the grid with names of students on the vertical axis ofthe grid. By plotting, the chart will indicate the general progress ofreading in the class . It will be a good idea to ask the readers to relate a little ofwhat they read and perhaps hold class discussions on the more popular books read. The texts that are given to students are simple and interesting and help them in adapting in literary texts. In the classroom we might have a class of mix ability students and not always all the students find the texts simple per say. Teachers have to do their extra homework to make the texts either simpler for the weaker students or more difficult for the good students. Just to make the texts interesting and stimulating arent enough. Teachers need to be a good role model in promoting healthy reading habits. When students see for themselves that the teachers read and are knowledgeable automatically students would want to be like them. In short, being a good role model is very vital in teachers profession. The texts also must suitable for each level but we cant say that the language or vocabulary is not too difficult. Private reading can be a rewarding and self-sustaining activity for them, worthy of the time and energy they invest in it. They see what reading has to offer them. Pupils who are securely established as competent readers read with understanding at a literal level and can also read beyond the text and between the lines. They infer and deduce both hidden and implied meanings and, even though their inferences may not always be securely rooted in the text, they generally make sense. Pupils at this level deploy a range of imaginative responses to text, such as empathy, prediction and speculation. They may compare the world of the text to their own experiences and are able to make simple comments about a writers viewpoint as well as the effect of the text on the reader. In both fiction and non-fiction texts, pupils are able to pick out relevant points, supporting them by some generally relevant textual reference or quotation as well as identifying and making simple comments about the writers use of language and organizational features. 6. The Strategies to Nurture the Reading Habit among Malaysian Learners In view of this, something has to be done to reduce and if possible, to totally eradicate illiteracy among students. Therefore, to start with, teachers must be seen as role models for the students to emulate. Teachers must read a lot in order to keep abreast with the fast-changing information age. Teachers should involve themselves in reading because according to Eskey (1986. p.21, cited in Renandya Jacobs, 2002): Readingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦must be developed, and can only be developed, by means of extensive and continued practice. People learn to read, and read better by reading. This view on extensive reading as a reading habit is also shared by Krashen (1993, p. 23, cited in Renandya Jacobs, 2002) that through reading we develop a good writing style, an adequate vocabulary, advanced grammar and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ becomes good spellers. Finnochiaro (1989) also suggests that teachers need to read to help facilitate their teaching-learning activity in the classroom as information obtained through their reading will help them keep in touch with current issues and to apply them in their classroom discussion. An effective teacher is a teacher who always keeps abreast with changes be it in teaching or learning aspects. In view of the above mentioned problems, the researcher would like to investigate the reading habits of teachers in the four schools. The poor reading habits among Malaysians can be seen in surveys conducted by the Ministry of Education on National Literacy in 1982 and 1996 (Kaur and Thiyagarajah, 1999). In the earlier survey, an average Malaysian citizen read a mere page or two a year whilst the later revealed an average of two books a year. In view of this, the research looked into the reading habits of teachers in four government-aided secondary schools (Mission Schools) in Kuching district. The study focused on the types of reading materials that they read, whether their teaching loads inhibit their reading habits, factors that influence their reading habits, time spent on reading and reasons for reading. Every one of us knows how to read, but how often we read and what kind of material we read? We cannot deny that reading is a very good habit, We can acquire the general knowledge by reading. That is why we are inculcated the reading habit by our parent and teachers since we are young. But, Malaysians have poor reading habit. Well, if you dont believe that, just check out the survey done by the National Library in 2005 to determine the profile of Malaysian readers. More than half of the 65,000 respondents answered that they read less than seven pages a day and those 10 years and above only read about two books a year. Now, it is the time to make the Malaysians realize the important of reading and make it as their habit. There are many reading materials around us, for example, newspapers, magazines and all kind of books. Maybe people feel that reading the words on the paper is a boring job in this technology century, therefore, a new kind of book is being created, that is, electronic book. The words are not lie on the papers anymore, but on the screen of computer and you can bring along it wherever you go. It is very convenience to the people nowadays, you just save the book you want to read in the computer, no matter how many of book you want to read, there is no the thick and heavy of the papers. Other than that, the government has already put effort into the programs that encourage the people to read more. Many programs have been organized, such as reading festival, reading campaign and so on. Although the efforts did not gain many supports from the public, we cannot deny the efforts were actually make an effect. Many of the people who were take part in those programs know the important of reading and make reading as their new habit now. Besides, the reading habit should be inculcated among kids. To do that, the role of parents and early education is very important. The parents must tell the children about the benefits of reading and make reading more interesting to draw their attention toward reading. Parents may read them a story before sleep and ask the child read the story in turn on the next day. In view of this problem, Malaysian Ministry of Education (MoE) attempts to implement more effective and efficient reading programs which are executed systematically and continuously via a long term program known as NILAM Program NP (Nadi Ilmu Amalan Membaca) or loosely translated as reading is the pulse of knowledge . Government schools or schools under MoE in Malaysia instructed to execute NP commencing from January 1999 in accordance to Circular Num.13/1998 dated 22 May 1998. NILAM: Concept Guide Book and Implementation in School published by Technology of Education Division, Ministry of Education of Malaysia (1998). The Education Ministry is widening the scope of the Nilam or Award to encourage more students from primary schools as well as secondary schools nationwide to read. The Nilam Award is a reading programme initiated by the Education Ministry in 1999 to inculcate the reading habit. Students are recognized at primary and secondary school levels according to the number of books they have read. To be awarded the Nilam Award at primary school level, students must read 360 books or more, while at secondary school level, they have to read 288 books and above. To qualify, students are required to record their reading activities in reading records. In turn, teachers must certify these records. Recognition is subsequently given to students based on the number of books they have read and reading activities, such as storytelling, that they have carried out. Other extensive reading programmes have also been implemented over the years such as Uninterrupted Sustained Silent Reading (USSR), Drop Everything and Read (DEAR) and the Book Flood Approach (Elley and Mangubahi, 1983 as cited in Renandya and Jacobs, 2002). The purpose of the programme is that readers read large quantities of books and other materials in an environment that nurtures a lifelong reading habit. While much effort has been put into reading campaigns and programmes, indication is that more and more Malaysians are not interested in picking up the habit. Malaysian students at the tertiary level have indeed shown our students poor regards for reading (Mohd Sallehudin 1994, as cited in Normah 2004). The recent, Read-a-thon Read2009 was to inculcate a love for reading and charity among the young. For the second year running, students throughout the country recently participated in Malaysias biggest reading marathon. This event was organized by Scholastic, the worlds largest publisher and distributor of childrens books. This years read-a-thon, titled Read2009: One Nation Reading Together, was supported by the Education Ministry and held in conjunction with its 1Malaysia Reading Camp. Read2009 was a simple name with a big message. Students read recreationally for 2009 seconds (33 minutes 29 seconds). Reading recreationally means that students choose a book of their choice, instead of regular school text. Students can read independently or together with their classmates and teachers. The objective of Read2009 is to inculcate students with a love of reading. The programme emphasizes recreation reading because students must be able to associate good feelings and pleasant memories with their reading experience; otherwise, it becomes a chore. Reading provides a valuable reinforcement of language and structures presented in the classroom. It also provides learners the opportunity to practice inferring meanings from the context where structures and vocabulary are unfamiliar. In addition, it enables the learner to reproduce mentally and vocally expressions and words present in any written form. Thus, consciously or unconsciously the learner begins to communicate effectively, using the knowledge acquired through reading. Extensive reading also provides the learner an opportunity to increase his reading speed, a skill rarely touched upon in the ESL classroom. As the student is reading for pleasure, chances are he will be eager to see what happens next and will therefore try to read faster. Moreover, as the learner is reading on topics that interests him, it increases his motivation and gives him a more positive attitude towards the target language. To acquire the habit of reading is to const

Organisational Structure Changes Essay

From the information provided it seems that the conflict is arising in the operational area between the manufacturing and marketing department. Both departments are seeking their own division goals and are neglecting the overall effect on the organization. Indeed the manufacturing manager is probably regarding the marketing section as the extra expense, while the marketing manager perceives the manufacturing branch as the threat. This conflict being at managerial level will most likely transmit to the section’s staff, increasing the divergence between the two. The problem not only lies at the departmental area, but also at executive stage. Indeed this conflict should be managed at top management level by adhering more to the marketing concept. The first change that should be implemented is in the organizational structure from a functional one to a category management combined with brand teams. Such structure consists of routing a category manager for each shoe product line. This team will comprise marketing staff, like brand managers, information specialists and sales people, and individuals from other departments, such as research and development professionals, finance manager and staff from manufacturing, distribution and more. By including manufacturing staff with marketing employees, one can diminish such conflict because the production people would realize that marketers work is important for the organization and thus the threat element will decrease. Top management should also commence showing the utility of each department for the organization, by for example preparing value added statements in order to further sustain the aforementioned point. If this conflict would still be present after such changes in structure, it might be necessary to perform changes in the operational management of such sections.

Solution to Case Problem Specialty Toys Essay example

Solution to Case Problem Specialty Toys 10/24/2012 I. Introduction: The Specialty Toys Company faces a challenge of deciding how many units of a new toy should be purchased to meet anticipated sales demand. If too few are purchased, sales will be lost; if too many are purchased, profits will be reduced because of low prices realized in clearance sales. Here, I will help to analyze an appropriate order quantity for the company. II. Data Analysis: 1. 20,0 00 .025 10,0 00 30,0 00 .025 .95 20,0 00 .025 10,0 00 30,0 00 .025 .95 Since the expected demand is 2000, thus, the mean  µ is 2000. Through Excel, we get the z value given a 95% probability is 1.96. Thus, we have: z= (x- µ)/ ÏÆ'=(30000-20000)/†¦show more content†¦According to the background information, we get the sketch of distribution above. Since z= (Q-20,000)/5102 =0.52, so we get Q=20,000+0.52*5102=22,653. Thus, the quantity would be ordered under this policy is 22,653. The projected profits under the three sales scenarios are below: Order Quantity =22,653 | Unit Sales | Total Cost | Sales at $24 | Sales at $5 | Profit | 10,000 | 362,488 | 240,000 | 63,265 | -59,183 | 20,000 | 362,488 | 480,000 | 13,265 | 130,817 | 30,000 | 362,488 | 543,672 | 0 | 181,224 | 5. From the information we get above, I would recommend an order quantity that can maximize the expected profit, and it can be calculated by the formula below: P(Demandlt;=Q) = C1/(C1+C2). The probability here suggests the demand that is less than or equal to the recommended order quantity, and C1 is the cost of stock out loss per unit, and C2 is the cost of unsold inventory per unit. According to the background information, Specialty will sell Weather Teddy for $24 per unit and the cost is $16 per unit. So, we can see that C1= $24 - $16 = $8. If inventory remains after the holiday season, Specialty will sell all surplus inventory for $5 a unit. So, C2 = $16 - $5 = $11. Therefore, we get P(Demand lt;=Q) = 8/(8+11) = 0.4211. And the sketchShow MoreRelatedGopi990 Words   |  4 Pages CASE STUDY SPECIALITY TOYS Specialty Toys- Specialty Toys, Inc. sells a variety of new and innovative children’s toys. Management learned that the preholiday season is the best time to introduce a new toy, because many families use this time to look for new ideas for December holiday gifts. When Specialty discovers a new toy with good market potential, it chooses an October market entry date. In order to get toys in its stores by October, Specialty places one-time ordersRead MoreSpeciality Toys.1487 Words   |  6 PagesThe Synopsis of the problem: Specialty Toys, a retailer of Children’s toys is planning to launch a new toy called â€Å"Weather Teddy†. Sales Managers at the stores are working relentlessly to forecast the most appropriate demand order quantity in such a way that profit could be maximized. The analysis of the problem calls for an ideal demand order quantity situation with lower probability of stock-out option. Following is the statistical information given: The cost of goods sold per unit = $ 16 TheRead MoreCase Study: Fisher-Price Toys, Inc.1050 Words   |  5 PagesCase: Fisher-Price Toys, Inc. 1. Basic information 1) 2) Company: Fisher-Price Toys, Inc. (Industry: Child toys) Business dilemma: a rash marketing decision has to be made on carrying out whether a new quality product (product name: ATV Explorer) at exceptional high price or a new less-quality product at moderate price 2. Business dilemma 1) Key problem: (1) price-point: Cost for a projected toy cant be made within budget, resulting in a much higher price ($18.5) than planned. High price disobeysRead MoreVermont Teddy Bear Company : Organization Overview1533 Words   |  7 Pagesreflected in VTB’s overall market share. Since then VTB has repurchased its stock. Vision Statement The CEO of VTB, John Gilbert recently returned from American International Toy Fair and met with CIO, Bob Stetzel, to discuss the vision of the company. Gilbert mentioned that there had been a lot of interest in classic toys. He also highlighted the need for VTB to be able to satisfy all their orders, should a product’s popularity suddenly spike. Their main vision for the company was to propel theirRead MoreEssay about Amys Bread Case Study and Narrative1921 Words   |  8 PagesCase Study Questions 1. Who are the main players (name and position)? Amy Scherber - owner and founder of Amy’s Bread Toy Kim Dupree – manager of Amy’s Bread who is very involved in day to day operations and decision making and is also very trusted by Amy. 2. In what business or businesses and industry or industries is the company operating? Amy’s Bread is a specialty bread and pasty store. They specialize in handmade baked goods and are a wholesale supplier to many of New York’s prominentRead MoreAmys bread case study Essay2255 Words   |  10 Pagesï » ¿Nicholas Mustico Case Study Amy’s Bread Case Study Questions 1. Who are the main players (name and position)? The main Player in this is Amy Scherber and she is the manager and owner. Another main character is Toy Kim Dupree and he is Amy’s assistant manager. 2. In what business or businesses and industry or industries is the company operating? Amy’s bread is in the business of selling bread products both wholesale and retail. They sell primarily to high quality restaurants, hotels and foodRead MoreToys R Us Case Study1774 Words   |  8 Pages Organizational Hierarchy Structure- Toys R Us was a decentralized organization, which had a leadership type setting from country to country. This type of structure was difficult because all the leaders from different countries were not communicating effectively. The company knew they had to make some changes to the system, if they wanted to be successful. Therefore, after careful consideration, the company decided to move to a more centralized structure. This change was needed to strengthen theirRead MoreLitigation, Alternative Dispute Resolution And Criminal Laws1673 Words   |  7 Pages Litigation, Alternative Dispute Resolution and Criminal Laws [Case Study: Adele, Roberts and ABC and XYZ] Name of Student:†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. University of the People 04/10/2017 For each of the following scenarios, state whether you believe litigation, ADR, or criminal prosecution is the appropriate response and explain your answer, citing information from the textbook as support for your positions. Introduction In business, disputes that occur between businesses (business to business dispute)Read MoreCrisis Support : Domestic Abuse Essay1938 Words   |  8 Pages Crisis Support: Domestic Abuse Problem, Solution and Barriers Paper Eric Ross COMM 2367: Persuasive Communication TR 2:20-3:40 Kristie Sigler 1 October 2016 Crisis Support: Domestic Abuse Problem, Solution and Barriers Paper Problem Social workers have explained the situation an abused victim of family violence is in as high cost and low reward (Griffin, 2015). This is because despite feeling anguish the individual is trapped in the plight because the fear of being alone in theRead MoreInternational Adoption: A Global Problem or a Global Solution?2642 Words   |  11 Pagesnow involves the transfer of more than 40.000 children annually (van Londen et al. 2007, 1249). Some people believe that intercountry adoption can be assumed as an appropriate solution for the problem of orphans because it provides underprivileged children with parental love and it gives them an opportunity to avoid problem of socialization that orphan children usually do have. On the other hand international adoption is criticized by others because of the loss of culture and the disturbance of identity

Limitations and Constraints Report - 1398 Words

Introduction Sales of Good Act 1979 Consumer Protection from Unfair Trading Regulations 2008 Consumer Credit Acts 1974 and 2006 Consumer Protection (Distance Selling) Regulations 2000 Data Protection Act 1998 Voluntary Codes of Advertising Practice Pressure Groups Consumerism Introduction There are limitations and constraints on marketing activities because there are many ways in which people can abuse marketing techniques. Marketing needs rules because there are certain laws which people have to take in order to sell their products legally. Marketing could include selling dangerous products or products in†¦show more content†¦This act requires being clear on the product you are selling and to provide clear information, so the customers know what they are buying and can make good informed decisions on whether the product is good and suitable for them to buy. This act also states that the buyer can cancel whatever their buying with immediate effect meaning that there is a right for the customer not too accept the product which they have bought. This act also requires a clear confirmation in writing. This is affects MS marketing activities because it’s harder to sell their products online because they can’t persuade as much for people to buy their products. Data Protection Act 1998 This act is made to people who don’t want their information given out by other companies. It’s designed to make customers feel safe when using credit/debit cards. This rule is made so customers do not get hassled in any way. Customers get confused to how other companies had got their information and that is because other companies have paid a certain fee out to get those particular persons details. The Data Protection Act is misused by companies all the time because companies want to try and sell their products. This act affects MS marketing because they want to sell their products as well, so without having a written consent by that person, they are not allowed by law to be selling their products by phone or by any other way. Voluntary Codes of Advertising Practice ThisShow MoreRelatedUnit 3 P2 P2: Describe the Limitations and Constraints of Marketing723 Words   |  3 PagesIt is a requirement of the law that all businesses and organisations abide by given limitations and constraints. This report describes two selected limitations; Sales of Goods Act 1979, The Data Protection Act 1998 and two constraints; Pressure Groups and The Advertising Standards Authority (ASA). Task Question: P2: Describe the limitations and constraints of marketing Limitations These refer to the limitations and restrictions that may prevent a business or organisation from certain actionsRead MoreUnit 3-Business Studies Level 31729 Words   |  7 Pagesyou developed for criterion P1, you now need to produce a report where you will demonstrate higher-level skills through comparing or finding the similarities and differences between the marketing techniques used by the two organisations. HINT: your report should include an introduction and be separated into sub-sections including growth strategies, survival strategies, branding and relationship marketing. [Assessment Evidence: report] |D1 |Evaluate the effectiveness of the useRead MoreDetails on the EPC Process and Approach849 Words   |  3 Pageswork packages for their estimating and performance of the tasks. Due to the limitation of this report, this section is focused only on one of the work break structure such as DCS engineering as an example which can be imitated to the other work packages and tasks. The project scheduling is analyzed with theory of constraints and CCPM comparing with the traditional approach in order to evaluate the advantages and limitation. The traditional approach of DCS engineering project scheduling is shownRead MoreMethods Of Accessing Data Information1298 Words   |  6 Pagesinformation will be retrieved is the first thing to be determined. The MIS already has information that can be generated by internal reports. These reports can include billing, orders, receivables, inventory levels and stock outs. This information will show what the consumers are currently leading toward in the vehicles purchased. The system can also generate reports showing specific marketing problems of the company that are available in the component sub systems. Nick Thomas already stated theyRead MoreJiambalvo Case 7-2 Five Star Tools Essay773 Words   |  4 PagesCase 7-2 Five Star Tools This report provides an analysis and evaluation of constraints in the production process for the Model C210 and the Model D400 of the Five Star Tools product line. The significant growth the company has experienced in recent years has led to a strain on the firm’s production capacity. This report seeks to determine how to loosen constraints on production and identify the most profitable product line given current production limitations. Incremental analysis is used toRead MoreCapital Rationing1452 Words   |  6 Pagesinvestments is limited. Furthermore, the cash flows of most investment projects are uncertain and as such; the availability of outside capital to fund these risky projects may be constrained (Hillier, Grinblatt Titman, 2008). These capital constraints often lead to the phenomenon of capital rationing in the capital budgeting process of a firm. Capital rationing occurs when a firm is unable to invest in profitable projects as restrictions are placed on the amount of new investments to be undertakenRead MoreThe Goal : A Process Of Ongoing Improvement By Eliyahu M.goldratt And Jeff Cox1414 Words   |  6 Pages Book Report: The Goal Horane Williams MGMT 430: WB1 Sp.15 University of Baltimore Eliyahu M. Goldratt s The Goal: A Process of Ongoing Improvement by Eliyahu M.Goldratt and Jeff Cox has changed the way organizations do business and handle constraints. The Goal tells of a guy name Alex Rogo, whom is a supervisor at a production plant how he helps save his plant. At the beginning his plant was unproductive and faced a lot of constraints within. With his help, the plantRead MoreThe Cost Versus Return Trade Off1125 Words   |  5 Pagesbusiness. The case will help me determine and understand the cost versus return trade-off. The case will help us realise that what are the maximum benefits we could reap out of our business if we utilise our resources to an optimal rate. There is a constraint on the costs as we cannot reduce the production price below a certain limit as we are still producing at a small scale compared to the multinational companies. So my aim is to put these interrelated constrains on like budget for advertising basedRead MoreAtlas Honda Cars Limited P akistan1409 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction This report is aiming to provide an analytical tool box design to achieve match between research and product development. The main reason behind company’s loss is their decrease in sales, thus the goal of the strategic tools is to produce an innovative climate inside the Organization in order to increase the profit margins of the company and to save them from going towards huge loss, the main focus of this report is to increase profit in the long run. This report will adapt the normalRead MoreWhat Are The Five Basic Functions Of Project Management1214 Words   |  5 Pagesothers; creating project deliverables; and balancing competing project constraints. A key activity in project management is assessing project constraints. A project has three limitations: scope, budget and schedule. These limitations are project constraints because they are sensitive to change and have an impact on project risk. Risk is exposure to uncertain outcomes. Project constraints are mutually exclusive. If one constraint changes it affects the others and adjustments may be required to compensate